Hiawatha was born a Mohawk of the Wolf Clan, but lived with the
Onondaga when his teachings for peace were rejected. He was a
Shaman, lawgiver and Unifier of Nations who lived around 1750. He
was also the namesake of a fictional poem by Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow, "The Song of Hiawatha".
Troubled by the hostilities between the Algonquin speaking tribes,
he spoke against the senseless killing and acts of violence which
could destroy them all. His efforts to unite the tribes was
violently opposed by and Onondaga chief, Thadodaho who killed
Hiawatha's three daughters. Thadadaho was a wizard who ruled by
fear, was a cannibal and reportedly had snakes writing in his hair,
gnarled crooked legs and arms.
After the death of his daughters, Hiawatha left the tribe and became
a wanderer, grieving for his daughters. During his solitude in the
wilderness, Hiawatha collected shells and made three strands from
them ( the first Wampum). About this time a Huron prophet named
Degonewida took notice of Hiawatha. They had much in common, both
wanted peace, so they united their efforts. Degonewida's name is
sacred to the Iroquois and is only spoken in ceremonies. The meeting
of Hiawatha and Degonewida had been told in prophecy.
First they went to the Oneida who accepted the Great Peace, then to
the Onondaga, but Thadadaho again refused. They then obtained
agreement from the Cayuga and the Mohawk, then returned to the
Onondaga. At last Thadadaho agreed on the condition that Onondaga be
the meeting place of the Confederacy, they would be the Fire keepers
and keepers of the Wampum.
It
is said that as soon as Thadadaho accepted the Great Peace the
snakes ceased to move, were combed from his hair and his gnarled
limbs straightened.
Jikonsahsea, (The Great Peace Woman) joined in their efforts to
unite the tribes. They then approached the Seneca who were against
the Great Peace but agreed when they were told they were the only
ones who opposed. The Iroquois Confederacy of Five Nations was born.
The Hiawatha Wampum Belt symbolizes the unity of the five Iroquois
nations. The squares from left to right signify the Mohawk, Oneida,
Onondaga by the Great White Pine Tree (also considered Wampum),
Cayuga and Seneca. The line between indicates Alliance with the ends
open to invite other nations to join. Some say that if the Hiawatha
Belt is laid across a map of New York State, the symbols indicate
the territory of the tribes. Years later the Tuscarora joined the
Confederacy, thus it became the Six Nations Confederacy.
Wampum are not the trade bead commonly associated with them by
movies and cowboy and Indian stories. Wampum beads are made from two
types of shells, the Quahog (a type of thick shelled clam) and the
Atlantic Welk. They are long and cylinder shaped and are white (from
the Atlantic welk) and purple (from the Quahog). the patterns in
which they are beaded have definite meaning and interpretation by
the Iroquois. Wampum is also the symbol of the Great White Pine Tree
under which the tribes buried weapons of war at the time of the
Great Peace.
Benjamin Franklin promoted the Iroquois Confederacy to the Colonists
and in 1744 at Conassotego an Iroquois chief counseled the Colonists
to unite as the Iroquois had. The plan was presented at the Albany
Congress but was not accepted then. About twenty years later the
Albany plan influenced our Articles of Confederation which became
our Constitution and was based on the Iroquois Confederacy
Constitution.
The Haudenosaunee men's feathered headdress or Gustoweh indicates
his nation. One eagle feather pointing upward and another down on
top indicates Onondaga. One eagle feather only, pointing upwards,
indicates Seneca, etc.
At the time that Hiawatha lived the Haudenosaunee men wore only deer
skin leggings, moccasins and breechcloth in summer. In winter, both
men and women wore a tunic, leggings, etc. When preparing for war,
the men shaved their hair into a Mohawk. Until contact with white
men, their clothing was decorated with the white/purple beads,
usually quillwork, bone beads or grasses and natural materials. The
glass beads of the white man allowed the beautiful beaded work one
sees on their clothing today.
As I have not quilled since I was a kid, my quilling is not of a
quality I would use on this figure, so I have substituted the
beading, which is not strictly authentic.
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